tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31698454505674968842024-03-13T09:00:58.609-07:00pendidikan SMADebora Elluisahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00940664228647186513noreply@blogger.comBlogger7125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3169845450567496884.post-17854348384779901382012-02-10T15:23:00.000-08:002012-02-10T15:23:55.477-08:00Biologi Fungi<br />
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<o:p> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 27px; line-height: 31px;">TENTANG JAMUR (FUNGI)</span></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 31px;">SMAN 02 KOTA BENGKULU<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 31px;">KELAS CERDAS ISTIMEWA (CI) PROGRAM AKSELERASI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 31px;">TAHUN AJARAN 2010/2011<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 28pt; line-height: 42px;">KATA PENGANTAR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 31px;"><span> </span>Puji syukur kehadirat Allah swt karena berkat rahmat dan kuasaNyalah kelompok kami telah dapat menyelesaikan tugas laporan praktikum biologi yang telah dilaksanakan pada tanggal 05 oktober 2010, di laboraturium biologi. Semoga tugas ini dapat bermanfaat bagi kemajuan kita bersama dan dapat sebagai media pembelanjaran biologi dalam kegiatan yang berkaitan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 31px;">Penulis,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>LAPORAN JAMUR<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span><span>A.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>TUJUAN PENELITIAN</div>
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<span><span>a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>Untuk mengetahui dan memahami struktur jamur</div>
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<span><span>b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>Supaya kita bisa tahu bagian-bagian dari jamur</div>
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<span><span>c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>Bisa membedakan jenis-jenis jamur dan pengklasifikasinya</div>
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<span><span>B.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>ALAT DAN BAHAN</div>
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<span><span>1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>Lup</div>
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<span><span>2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>Mikroskop</div>
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<span><span>3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>Kaca objek</div>
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<span><span>4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>Kaca penutup</div>
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<span><span>5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>Pipet</div>
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<span><span>6.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>Tempe, roti</div>
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<span><span>7.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>Jamur merang</div>
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<span><span>8.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>Jamur kuping</div>
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<span><span>9.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>Jamur kayu</div>
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<span><span>10.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>Aquades</div>
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<span><span>C.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>CARA KERJA</div>
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<span><span>1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>Ambil jamur pada roti atau tempe dengan menggunakan pipet</div>
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<span><span>2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>Lalu letakkan di kaca objek, kemudian berikan sedikit aquades</div>
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<span><span>3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>Tutup dengan kaca penutup, kemudian letakkan di mikroskop tuk di amati,</div>
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<span><span>4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>Amati bentuk dan struktur jamur kemudian gambar dan berikan penjelasan</div>
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<span><span>5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>Lalu untuk jamur yang amati dengan lup, dan gambarkan strukturnya</div>
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<span><span>a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>Jamur tempe</div>
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<span><img height="147" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image005.gif" style="cursor: move;" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" width="151" /></span><span> </span>jamur <i>Rhizopus oryzae<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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Jamur ini termasuk jamur zygomycota, jamur ini di temukan pada tempe, biasanya berwarna putih, jamur ini sangat berperan dalam pembuatan tempe.</div>
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<span><span>b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>Jamur roti</div>
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<span><img height="170" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image007.gif" style="cursor: move;" v:shapes="_x0000_i1051" width="204" /></span>jamur <i>Rhizopus stolonifer<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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Jamur ini tumbuh pada roti yang telah basi, biasanya roti yang telah di tumbuhi oleh jamur ini akan berwarna hitam hal itu dikarenakan hifa dari jamur tersebut menyebar dengan sangat cepat.</div>
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<span><span>c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>Jamur merang</div>
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Jamur ini biasanya di gunakan untuk bahan makanan, karena jamur merang adalah salah satu jamur yang bisa dimakan ttubuh buahnya, dan biasanya di campur atau dimasak dngan bakmi, bahan campuran pizza dan lain-lain.</div>
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<span><span>d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span>Jamur tiram</div>
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Jamur ini sama halnya dengan dengan jamur merang, jamur ini sering di gunakan untuk bahan makanan.</div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CIRI-CIRI UMUM JAMUR</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />Jamur merupakan kelompok organisme eukariotik yang membentuk dunia jamur atau regnum fungi. Jamur pada umumnya multiseluler (bersel banyak). Ciri-ciri jamur berbeda dengan organisme lainnya dalam hal cara makan, struktur tubuh, pertumbuhan, dan reproduksinya.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1. Struktur Tubuh</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Struktur tubuh jamur tergantung pada jenisnya. Ada jamur yang satu sel, misalnyo khamir, ada pula jamur yang multiseluler membentuk tubuh buah besar yang ukurannya mencapai satu meter, contohnyojamur kayu. Tubuh jamur tersusun dari komponen dasar yang disebut hifa. Hifa membentuk jaringan yang disebut <i>miselium. </i>Miselium menyusun jalinan-jalinan semu menjadi <i>tubuh buah.</i></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Gbr. Hifa yang membentuk miselium dan tubuh buah</span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Hifa adalah struktur menyerupai benang yang tersusun dari dinding berbentuk pipa. Dinding ini menyelubungi membran plasma dan sitoplasma hifa. Sitoplasmanya mengandung organel eukariotik.<br />Kebanyakan hifa dibatasi oleh dinding melintang atau <i>septa. </i>Septa mempunyai pori besar yang cukup untuk dilewati ribosom, mitokondria, dan kadangkala inti sel yang mengalir dari sel ke sel. Akan tetapi, adapula hifa yang tidak bersepta atau <i>hifa senositik.</i>Struktur hifa senositik dihasilkan oleh pembelahan inti sel berkali-kali yang tidak diikuti dengan pembelahan sitoplasma.<br />Hifa pada jamur yang bersifat parasit biasanya mengalami modifikasi menjadi <i>haustoria </i>yang merupakan organ penyerap makanan dari substrat; haustoria dapat menembus jaringan substrat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2. Cara Makan dan Habitat Jamur</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Semua jenis jamur bersifat heterotrof. Namun, berbeda dengan organisme lainnya, jamur tidak memangsa dan mencernakan makanan. Clntuk memperoleh makanan, jamur menyerap zat organik dari lingkungan melalui hifa dan miseliumnya, kemudian menyimpannya dalam bentuk glikogen. Oleh karena jamur merupakan konsumen maka jamur bergantung pada substrat yang menyediakan karbohidrat, protein, vitamin, dan senyawa kimia lainnya. Semua zat itu diperoleh dari lingkungannya. Sebagai makhluk heterotrof, jamur dapat bersifat parasit obligat, parasit fakultatif, atau saprofit. Lihat Gambar 5.3.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">a.<i> Parasit obligat </i><br /><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image014.gif" style="cursor: move;" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="15" />merupakan sifat jamur yang hanya dapat hidup pada inangnya,<br /><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image014.gif" style="cursor: move;" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="15" />sedangkan di luar inangnya tidak dapat hidup. Misalnya, <i>Pneumonia </i><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image014.gif" style="cursor: move;" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="15" /><i>carinii </i>(khamir yang menginfeksi paru-paru penderita <b>AIDS).</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">b. <i>Parasit fakultatif </i><br /><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image014.gif" style="cursor: move;" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="15" />adalah jamur yang bersifat parasit jika mendapatkan inang yang<br /><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image014.gif" style="cursor: move;" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029" width="15" />sesuai, tetapi bersifat saprofit jika tidak mendapatkan inang yang<br /><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image014.gif" style="cursor: move;" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030" width="15" />cocok.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">c. <i>Saprofit </i><br /><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image014.gif" style="cursor: move;" v:shapes="_x0000_i1031" width="15" />merupakan jamur pelapuk dan pengubah susunan zat organik yang<br /><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image014.gif" style="cursor: move;" v:shapes="_x0000_i1032" width="15" />mati. Jamur saprofit menyerap makanannya dari organisme yang telah<br /><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image014.gif" style="cursor: move;" v:shapes="_x0000_i1033" width="15" />mati seperti kayu tumbang dan buah jatuh. Sebagian besar jamur<br /><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image014.gif" style="cursor: move;" v:shapes="_x0000_i1034" width="15" />saprofit</span> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mengeluar-kan enzim hidrolase pada substrat makanan untuk<br /><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image014.gif" style="cursor: move;" v:shapes="_x0000_i1035" width="15" />mendekomposisi molekul kompleks menjadi molekul sederhana sehingga<br /><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image014.gif" style="cursor: move;" v:shapes="_x0000_i1036" width="15" />mudah diserap oleh hifa. Selain itu, hifa dapat juga langsung<br /><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image014.gif" style="cursor: move;" v:shapes="_x0000_i1037" width="15" />menyerap bahanbahan organik dalam bentuk sederhana yang<br /><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image014.gif" style="cursor: move;" v:shapes="_x0000_i1038" width="15" />dikeluarkan oleh inangnya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Cara hidup jamur lainnya adalah melakukan simbiosis mutualisme. Jamur yang hidup bersimbiosis, selain menyerap makanan dari organisme lain juga menghasilkan zat tertentu yang bermanfaat bagi simbionnya. Simbiosis mutualisme jamur dengan tanaman dapat dilihat pada <i>mikoriza, </i>yaitu jamur yang hidup di akar tanaman kacang-kacangan atau pada liken.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Jamur berhabitat pada bermacammacam lingkungan dan berasosiasi dengan banyak organisme. Meskipun kebanyakan hidup di darat, beberapa jamur ada yang hidup di air dan berasosiasi dengan organisme air. Jamur yang hidup di air biasanya bersifat parasit atau saprofit, dan kebanyakan dari kelas Oomycetes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /><b>3. Pertumbuhan dan Reproduksi</b>Reproduksi jamur dapat secara <b>seksual (generatif) </b>dan <b>aseksual (vegetatif). </b>Secara aseksual, jamur menghasilkan spora. Spora jamur berbeda-beda bentuk dan ukurannya dan biasanya uniseluler, tetapi adapula yang multiseluler. Apabila kondisi habitat sesuai, jamur memperbanyak diri dengan memproduksi sejumlah besar spora aseksual. Spora aseksual dapat terbawa air atau angin. Bila mendapatkan tempat yang cocok, maka spora akan berkecambah dan tumbuh menjadi jamur dewasa.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Reproduksi secara seksual pada jamur melalui <b><i>kontak gametangium </i></b>dan<b> <i>konjugasi. </i></b>Kontak gametangium mengakibatkan terjadinya singami, yaitu persatuan sel dari dua individu. Singami terjadi dalam dua tahap, tahap pertama adalah <i>plasmogami </i>(peleburan sitoplasma) dan tahap kedua adalah <i>kariogami </i>(peleburan inti). Setelah plasmogami terjadi, inti sel dari masing-masing induk bersatu tetapi tidak melebur dan membentuk <i>dikarion. </i>Pasangan inti dalam sel dikarion atau miselium akan membelah dalam waktu beberapa bulan hingga beberapa tahun. Akhimya inti sel melebur membentuk sel diploid yang segera melakukan pembelahan meiosis.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">4. Peranan Jamur</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Peranan jamur dalam kehidupan manusia sangat banyak, baik peran yang merugikan maupun yang menguntungkan. Jamur yang menguntungkan meliputi berbagai jenis antara lain sebagai berikut.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />a. <i>Volvariella volvacea </i>(jamur merang) berguna sebagai bahan pangan<br /><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image014.gif" style="cursor: move;" v:shapes="_x0000_i1039" width="15" />berprotein tinggi.<br />b. <i>Rhizopus </i>dan <i>Mucor </i>berguna dalam industri bahan makanan, yaitu<br /><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image014.gif" style="cursor: move;" v:shapes="_x0000_i1040" width="15" />dalam pembuatan tempe dan oncom.<br />c. Khamir <i>Saccharomyces </i>berguna sebagai fermentor dalam industri<br /><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image014.gif" style="cursor: move;" v:shapes="_x0000_i1041" width="15" />keju, roti, dan bir.<br />d. <i>Penicillium notatum </i>berguna sebagai penghasil antibiotik.<br />e. <i>Higroporus </i>dan Lycoperdon perlatum berguna sebagai dekomposer.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Di samping peranan yang menguntungkan, beberapa jamur juga mempunyai peranan yang merugikan, antara lain sebagai berikut.<br />a. <i>Phytium </i>sebagai hama bibit tanaman yang menyebabkan penyakit<br /><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image014.gif" style="cursor: move;" v:shapes="_x0000_i1042" width="15" />rebah semai.<br />b. <i>Phythophthora inf'estan </i>m pada tanaman pertanian. enyebabkan penyakit pada daun tanaman<br /><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image014.gif" style="cursor: move;" v:shapes="_x0000_i1043" width="15" />kentang.<br /><i>c. Saprolegnia </i>sebagai parasit pada tubuh organisme air.<br />d. Albugo merupakan parasit<br />e. Pneumonia c<i>arinii </i>menyebabkan penyakit pneumonia pada paru-paru<br /><img height="8" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image014.gif" style="cursor: move;" v:shapes="_x0000_i1044" width="15" />manusia.<br />f. <i>Candida </i>sp. penyebab keputihan dan</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">sariawan pada manusia.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Oyster_mushoom_fells.jpg" title=""Jamur tiram" "><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span><img alt="Jamur tiram" border="0" height="171" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image015.jpg" style="cursor: move;" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_50" width="251" /></span></span></a></div>
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Jamur tiram</div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_konservasi" title="Status konservasi"><b>Status konservasi</b></a><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Status_konservasi" title="Wikipedia:Status konservasi"><b>Status konservasi:</b></a><b> Aman</b></div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasifikasi_ilmiah" title="Klasifikasi ilmiah"><b>Klasifikasi ilmiah</b></a><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Kerajaan:</div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi">Fungi</a></div>
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Filum:</div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></div>
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Kelas:</div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homobasidiomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Homobasidiomycetes (halaman belum tersedia)">Homobasidiomycetes</a></div>
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Ordo:</div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agaricales&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Agaricales (halaman belum tersedia)">Agaricales</a></div>
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Famili:</div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tricholomataceae&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tricholomataceae (halaman belum tersedia)">Tricholomataceae</a></div>
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Genus:</div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pleurotus&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pleurotus (halaman belum tersedia)"><i>Pleurotus</i></a></div>
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Spesies:</div>
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<b><i>P. ostreatus</i></b></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatanama_biologi" title="Tatanama biologi"><b>Nama binomial</b></a><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span class="binomial"><b><i>Pleurotus ostreatus</i></b></span><br />Champ. Jura. Vosg. 1: 112, 1872</div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Oyster_mushroom_log.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span><img alt="250px-Oyster_mushroom_log" border="0" height="188" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image016.jpg" style="cursor: move;" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_51" width="251" /></span></span></a></div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Oyster_mushroom_log.jpg" title=""Perbesar" "><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span><img alt="magnify-clip" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/02/clip_image017.gif" style="cursor: move;" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_52" width="15" /></span></span></a></div>
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Jamur tiram di permukaan batang kayu.</div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">Jamur tiram</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> (<i>Pleurotus ostreatus</i>) adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamur_pangan" title="Jamur pangan">jamur pangan</a> dari kelompok <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a> dan termasuk kelas <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homobasidiomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Homobasidiomycetes (halaman belum tersedia)">Homobasidiomycetes</a> dengan ciri-ciri umum tubuh buah berwarna putih hingga krem dan tudungnya berbentuk setengah lingkaran mirip cangkang <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiram" title="Tiram">tiram</a> dengan bagian tengah agak cekung.<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamur_tiram#cite_note-parlin-0"><sup>[1]</sup></a> Jamur tiram masih satu kerabat dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurotus_eryngii" title="Pleurotus
eryngii"><i>Pleurotus eryngii</i></a> dan sering dikenal dengan sebutan <i>King Oyster Mushroom</i>.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 24pt;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;">Demikianlah hasil laporan praktikum biologi kami yang telah kami buat. Semoga bermanfaat dan maaf jika banyak dapat terdapat kesalahan dalam penulisan. Kami juga masih mengharapkan kritik dan saran demi kemajuan kita bersama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>Debora Elluisahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00940664228647186513noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3169845450567496884.post-35488603941526116072012-02-10T14:58:00.001-08:002012-02-10T14:58:21.286-08:00Soal Kimia Kelas XI IPA Semester 2<br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut
Arrhenius, asam adalah zat yang ....</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut
lewis basa adalah ....</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diketahui
data berikut :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 32.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">No</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.0pt;" valign="top" width="168">
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Indikator</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Trayek
perubahan Warna</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.0pt;" valign="top" width="168">
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Metil
Merah(MM)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Merah (
4,2-6,3 ) kuning</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.0pt;" valign="top" width="168">
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Metil Jingga(MJ)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Merah (
2,9-4,0 ) kuning</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.0pt;" valign="top" width="168">
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bromtomol
Biru(BTB)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kuning (
6,0-7,6 ) biru</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.0pt;" valign="top" width="168">
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fenolftealin
(PP)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tak berwarna
( 8,3-10 ) merah</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Suatu
larutan A diuji dengan beberapa indikator dan diperoleh data sebagai berikut:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan
MM berwarna kuning; Dengan MJ berwarna kuning; Dengan BTB berwarna biru;</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan
PP tak berwarna. Dari hasil pengamatan tersebut pH larutan A adalah ....</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tuliskan
3 contoh pasangan asam-basa konjugasi adalah ....</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jika
Konsentrasi ion H<sup>+</sup> dalam larutan 0,002 M maka pH Larutan adalah
....</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pH
larutan HNO<sub>2</sub> 0,2 M (Ka = 5 x 10<sup>-4</sup>) adalah ....</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hidrazin
(N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>) dalam air terion dengan reaksi t: N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> +
H2O à N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub><sup>+</sup><sub> </sub> + OH<sup>-</sup> Jika
pada suhu tertentu Kb N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4 </sub>= 1,6 x 10<sup>-6</sup> dan
konsentrasi hidrazin 0,1M maka [OH<sup>-</sup>] adalah ......</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">8. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Analisis
untuk menentukan jumlah zat yang tidak diketahui konsentrasinya dengan mengukur
volume reactant yang dibutuhkan agar bereaksi sempurna disebut....</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">9. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pipa
silindris dengan rongga seragam sepanjang bagian berskala yang ujungnya
bawahnya berupa keran kaca runcing disebut ....</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk
menetralkan 10 mL HCl membutuhkan 15 mL NaOH 0,1M, besarnya molaritas HCl
adalah ....</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">11. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Titik
ekivalen untuk titrasi 10 mL NH<sub>3</sub> 0,1M dengan HCl 0,1M terjadi
pada ....</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">12. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebanyak
25 mL HNO<sub>3</sub> dititrasi oleh NAOH 0,1M dengan data sebagai berikut</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 32.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Percobaan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.0pt;" valign="top" width="120">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Volume HCl</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Volume NaOH
0,1M</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.0pt;" valign="top" width="120">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">25 mL</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10,3 mL</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.0pt;" valign="top" width="120">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">25 mL</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10,1 mL</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.0pt;" valign="top" width="120">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">25 mL</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10,2 mL</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Besarnya
konsentrasi HCl adalah ....</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">13. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Larutan
penyangga merupakan ....</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">14. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pH
larutan penyangga yang memiliki perbandingan mol NH<sub>3 </sub> (Kb=1,8
x 10<sup>-5</sup>)dan mol NH<sub>4</sub>Cl sebesar 1:3 adalah ....</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">15. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apabila
kedalam larutan penyangga ditambahkan sedikit air, menyebabkan ....</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">16. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Besarnya
volume larutan CH<sub>3</sub>COONa 0,1M yang harus ditambahkan kedalam 100 mL
CH<sub>3</sub>COOH 0,5M (Ka=1 x 10<sup>-5</sup>) agar dapat membentuk larutan
penyangga dengan pH = 4 adalah ..</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">17. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tuliskan
3 contoh Garam yang bersifat .</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Basa</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Netral</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">18. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pH
larutan KF 0,1M adalah ...(Ka HF = 10<sup>-3</sup>) adalah ....</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">19. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tuliskan
3 contoh Garam yang mengalami hidrolisis</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sempurna</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebagian</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tak
terhidrolisis</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">20. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kelarutan
PbCl<sub>2</sub> dalam air adalah 1,5 x 10<sup>-2</sup>M, Ksp PbCl<sub>2</sub> adalah
....</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">21. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jika
kelarutan SrSO<sub>4 </sub> dalam air 5 x 10<sup>-4</sup>M ,
kelarutan SrSO<sub>4</sub> dalam larutan Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 0,001M
adalah ....</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">22. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan
data Ksp dibawah ini</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BaF<sub>2</sub> =
2 x 10<sup>-6</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BaCO<sub>3</sub> =
8 x 10<sup>-9</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BaSO<sub>4</sub> =
1 x 10<sup>-10</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BaC<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> =
1 x 10<sup>-7</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BaCrO<sub>4</sub> =
2 x 10<sup>-10</sup></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan
data tersebut urutkan garam dari yang paling sukar larut</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">23. Sebutkan
masing masing 3 contoh Campuran yang merupakan koloid, suspensi dan
larutan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">24. Air
sungai yang keruh dapat memmberikan efek Tyndall, dan setelah air sungai
disaring filtratnya juga memberikan efek Tyndall serta di kertas saring terdapat
residu, dari fakta diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa air sungai merupakan ....<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">25. Jenis
koloid yang fase terdispersinya cair dan medium pendispersinya padat disebut
....<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">26. Sistem
koloid dan larutan tidak dapat disaring dengan kertas saring, karena ....<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">27. Efek
tyndall pada koloid terjadi apabila partikel koloid ....<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">28. Sistem
koloid umumnya sukar terpisah oleh gaya grafitasi, karena ....<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">29. Terjadinya
gerak brown dari partikel koloid karena ....<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">30. Proses
elektroforesis pada sistem koloid dapat terjadi akibat partikel koloid ....<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">31. Sebutkan
Faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya koagulasi pada sistem koloid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">32. Sebutkan
3 Peristiwa merupakan koagulasi koloid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">33. Partikel
koloid dapat bermuatan listrik karena ....<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">34. Pembentukan
delta pada muara sungai karena adanya partikel koloid yang mengalami ....<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">35. Sebutkan
Contoh pemanfaatan dialisis pada kehidupan adalah ....<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">36. Pembuatan
koloid dengan mengubah molekul atau ion menjadi parikel-partikel koloid disebut
dengan cara ....<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">37. Pada
proses penjernihan air keruh, ditambahkan tawas. Proses ini merupakan ....<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">38. Pembuatan
koloid dengan mengubah partikel kasar menjadi partikel koloid disebut ....<o:p></o:p></span></div>Debora Elluisahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00940664228647186513noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3169845450567496884.post-67503016012099303692012-02-10T14:52:00.000-08:002012-02-10T14:52:50.654-08:00Daftar Sekolah-Sekolah Ikatan Dinasbagi temen-temen yang gak tersaring disekolahnya untuk ikut jalur PTN undangan ata bagi temen-temen yang berminat mengikuti jalur ikatan dinas dan langsung bekerja, saya punya sedikit info untuk di share tentang info-info sekolah ikatan dinas.<br />
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<b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Di Indonesia</span></b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">banyak sekolah tinggi yang berikatan dinas antara lain sebagai berikut :<br />
<b>Departemen dalam negri (IPDN)</b><br />
Jl raya Jatinangor km 20 sumedang jawa barat, telp (022) 7798252<br />
Website</span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><a href="http://ipdn.ac.id/"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">http://ipdn.ac.id</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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<b>Departemen Keuangan , Sekolah Tinggi AKuntansi Negara (STAN)</b><br />
Jl Bintaro Utama Sektor V, Bintaro Jaya, Tanggerang.<br />
Website</span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><a href="http://www.stan.ac.id/"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">www.stan.ac.id</span></a><a href="" name="more"></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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<b>Badan Meteorologi Nasional (BMG), Akademi Meteorologi dan Geofisika (AMG)</b><br />
Jl Perhubungan I no 5 Komplek metro, pondok betung, bintaro, tanggerang.<br />
Website</span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><a href="http://www.amg.ac.id/"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">www.amg.ac.id</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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<b>Sekolah Tinggi Transportasi Darat Jawa Barat</b><br />
Jl Raya Setu Km 3,5 Cibuntu Cibitung Bekasi Jawa barat.<br />
Website</span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><a href="http://www.sttd.wetpaint.com/"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">www.sttd.wetpaint.com</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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<b>Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS)</b><br />
JL Otto iskandardinata no 64c Jakarta.<br />
Website</span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><a href="http://www.stis.ac.id/"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">www.stis.ac.id</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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<b>Sekolah Tinggi Perikanan – Jakarta</b><br />
Jl AUP, Rt 001/09, Pasar Minggu Jakarta selatan.<br />
Website</span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><a href="http://www.stp.dkp.go.id/"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">www.stp.dkp.go.id</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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<b>Akademi Kimia Analis Jawa Barat</b><br />
Jl. Ir. H. Juanda 7 Bogor.<br />
Website</span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><a href="http://www.aka.ac.id/"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">www.aka.ac.id</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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<b>Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata Bandung</b><br />
Jl Dr setiabudi 186, bandung.<br />
Website</span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><a href="http://www.stp-bandung.ac.id/"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">www.stp-bandung.ac.id</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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<b>Sekolah Tinggi Penerbangan Indonesia, Curug Banten</b><br />
Jl Raya PLP Curug Tanggerang.<br />
Website</span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><a href="http://www.stpicurug.ac.id/"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">http://www.stpicurug.ac.id/</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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<b>Akademi Pimpinan Perusahaan Jakarta</b><br />
Jl Timbul 34, Cipedak Jagakarsa Jakarta Selatan<br />
Website</span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><a href="http://www.app-jakarta.ac.id/"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">www.app-jakarta.ac.id</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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<b>Akademi Ilmu Pemasyarakatan Jakarta</b><br />
Jl raya gandul Cinere Jakarta selatan.<br />
website</span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><a href="http://www.pdat.co.id/"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">www.pdat.co.id</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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<b>Politeknik Kesehatan DEPKES Surabaya</b><br />
Jl Pucang Jajar tengah 56 Surabaya.<br />
website</span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><a href="http://www.poltekkesdepkes-sby.ac.id/"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">www.poltekkesdepkes-sby.ac.id</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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<b>Sekolah Tinggi Pertanahan Nasional Yogyakarta</b><br />
Jl tata bumi 5 banyuraden, gampingan Sleman Yogyakarta.<br />
website</span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><a href="http://www.stpn.ac.id/"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">www.stpn.ac.id</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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<b>Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen Industri Jakarta</b><br />
Jl Letjen Suprapto 26, Cempaka Putih Jakarta Pusat.<br />
website</span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><a href="http://www.pdat.co.id/"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">www.pdat.co.id</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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<b>Sekolah Tingi Kesejahtraan Sosial Jawa Barat</b><br />
Jl H Juanda 367 Bandung.<br />
website</span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><a href="http://www.stks.ac-id.net/"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">www.stks.ac-id.net</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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<b>Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Tekstil Jawa Barat</b><br />
Jl Jakarta No. 31 Bandung.<br />
Website</span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><a href="http://www.stttekstil.ac.id/"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">www.stttekstil.ac.id</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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<b>Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Administrasi</b><br />
Jl Cimandiri 34-38, bandung.<br />
Website</span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><a href="http://www.lan.go.id/"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">www.lan.go.id</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
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<b>Sekolah Tinggi Sandi Negara (STSN)</b><br />
Jl Raya Haji Usa Desa Putat Nutug Ciseeng Bogor.<br />
Website</span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><a href="http://www.stsn-nci.ac.id/"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">www.stsn-nci.ac.id</span></a><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
jadi temen-temen tinggal buka di web sekolah-sekolah tersebut buat tahu info selanjutnya :)<br />
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<br /></div>Debora Elluisahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00940664228647186513noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3169845450567496884.post-4525541778474139272012-02-10T14:19:00.000-08:002012-02-10T14:19:25.406-08:00Mengenal Area Kerja Flash 8 Pro<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">MODUL 1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">AREA KERJA MACROMEDIA FLASH PRO 8<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada bab pertama ini kita akan melihat secara sekilas area kerja Macromedia Flash Pro 8 yang akan digunakan dalam pembuatan animasi pada bab-bab berikutnya. Semakin Anda dapat mengenal dan menghafal bagian-bagian dalam area kerja Macromedia Flash Pro 8, maka Anda akan semakin mudah dalam mempraktikkan tutorial yang disajikan dalam blog ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jika Anda baru belajar pertama kali, maka Anda dianjurkan untuk mengetahui komponen-komponen utama dalam area kerja Macromedia Flash Pro 8 yang dibahas pada bab ini. Tidak semua komponen dalam Macromedia Flash Pro 8 dibahas pada bab ini. Beberapa penjelasan mengenai komponenkomponen dalam area kerja akan dibahas pada tutorial atau langkah-langkah pada tutorial yang terkait. Meskipun buku ini menggunakan program Macromedia Flash Pro 8, namun Anda juga dapat menggunakan versi yang lain. Jika Anda menggunakan versi yang berbeda dengan yang digunakan tutorial ini, maka Anda harus dapat menyesuaikan dengan komponen-komponen yang tersedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bagian-bagian penting dalam area kerja di atas diantaranya: Menu, Toolbox, Timeline, Stage dan Panel.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A. Menu<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menu pada Macromedia Flash Pro 8 terdiri dari: File, Edit, View, Insert, Modify, Text Commands, Control, Window dan Help. Anda dapat melihat submenu yang terdapat pada masing-masing menu dengan mengeklik satu kali pada menu yang ingin Anda pilih.<br />
<br />
Berikut ini adalah jendela tampilan awal Macromedia Flash 8 Profesional:<br />
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe"
filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1051" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/JendelaFlash.png"
style='width:291pt;height:221.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\09\clip_image001.png"
o:title="JendelaFlash"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/JendelaFlash.png" height="295" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" width="388" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B. Toolbox<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam toolbox terdapat komponen-komponen penting diantaranya: Tools, View, Colors dan Options. Toolbox memiliki peran untuk memanipulasi atau memodifikasi objek dalam stage. Berikut komponen-komponen dalam toolbox beserta fungsi atau kegunaannya:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_i1050" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/SelectionTool.png"
style='width:33.75pt;height:34.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\09\clip_image003.png"
o:title="SelectionTool"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/SelectionTool.png" height="46" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_2" width="45" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">--> Selection Tool (V)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memilih dan memindahkan objek<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1049" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/Subselectiontool.png"
style='width:24pt;height:27pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\09\clip_image005.png"
o:title="Subselectiontool"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/Subselectiontool.png" height="36" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3" width="32" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-->Subselection Tool (A)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengubah bentuk objek dengan edit points<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1048" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/FreeTransfromtool.png"
style='width:25.5pt;height:26.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\09\clip_image007.png"
o:title="FreeTransfromtool"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/FreeTransfromtool.png" height="35" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4" width="34" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-->Free Transform Tool (Q)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengubah atau memutar bentuk objek sesuai keinginan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_5" o:spid="_x0000_i1047" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/GradienTransfrom.png"
style='width:28.5pt;height:24pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\09\clip_image009.png"
o:title="GradienTransfrom"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/GradienTransfrom.png" height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_5" width="38" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-->Gradient Transform Tool (F)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengubah warna gradasi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_6" o:spid="_x0000_i1046" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/LineTool.png"
style='width:26.25pt;height:28.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\09\clip_image011.png"
o:title="LineTool"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/LineTool.png" height="38" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_6" width="35" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-->Line Tool (N)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membuat garis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_i1045" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/LassoTool.png"
style='width:27.75pt;height:27.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\09\clip_image013.png"
o:title="LassoTool"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/LassoTool.png" height="37" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_7" width="37" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-->Lasso Tool (L)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menyeleksi bagian objek yang akan diedit<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_8" o:spid="_x0000_i1044" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/PenTool.png"
style='width:27pt;height:30.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\09\clip_image015.png"
o:title="PenTool"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/PenTool.png" height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_8" width="36" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-->Pen Tool (P)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membuat bentuk objek secara bebas berupa dengan titik-titik sebagai penghubung<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">8.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_9" o:spid="_x0000_i1043" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/TextTool.png"
style='width:27.75pt;height:27.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\09\clip_image017.png"
o:title="TextTool"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/TextTool.png" height="37" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image018.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_9" width="37" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-->Text Tool (T)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membuat teks (kata atau kalimat)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">9.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_10" o:spid="_x0000_i1042" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/OvalTool.png"
style='width:30.75pt;height:24.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\09\clip_image019.png"
o:title="OvalTool"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/OvalTool.png" height="33" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_10" width="41" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-->Oval Tool (O)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membuat objek elips atau lingkaran<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_11" o:spid="_x0000_i1041" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/RectangleTool.png"
style='width:38.25pt;height:30.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\09\clip_image021.png"
o:title="RectangleTool"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/RectangleTool.png" height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image022.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_11" width="51" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-->Ractangle Tool (R)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membuat objek berbentuk segi empat atau segi banyak<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">11.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="32" />-->Pencil Tool (Y)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menggambar objek secara bebas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">12.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="32" />-->Brush Tool (B)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menggambar objek secara bebas dengan ukuran ketebalan dan bentuk yang sudah disediakan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">13.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="32" />-->Ink Bottle Tool (S)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memberi warna garis tepi (outline)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">14.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1028"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="32" />-->Paint Bucket Tool (K)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memberi warna pada objek secara bebas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">15.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1029"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029" width="32" />-->Eyedropper Tool (I)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengambil contoh warna<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">16.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030" width="32" />-->Eraser Tool (E)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menghapus objek<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">17.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1031"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1031" width="32" />-->Hand Tool (H)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menggeser stage<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">18.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1032"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1032" width="32" />-->Zoom Tool (M atau Z)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memperbesar atau memperkecil objek<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">19.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1033"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1033" width="32" />-->Stroke Color<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memberi warna pada garis tepi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">20.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1034"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1034" width="32" />-->Fill Color<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memberi warna pada pada objek<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C. Timeline<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Timeline atau garis waktu merupakan komponen yang digunakan untuk mengatur atau mengontrol jalannya animasi. Timeline terdiri dari beberapa layer. Layer digunakan untuk menempatkan satu atau beberapa objek dalam stage agar dapat diolah dengan objek lain. Setiap layer terdiri dari frame-frame yang digunakan untuk mengatur kecepatan animasi. Semakin panjang frame dalam layer, maka semakin lama animasi akan berjalan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1035" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1035" width="32" /><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">D. Stage<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Stage disebut juga layar atau panggung. Stage digunakan untuk memainkan objek-objek yang akan diberi animasi. Dalam stage kita dapat membuat gambar, teks, memberi warna dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">E. Panel<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beberapa panel penting dalam Macromedia Flash Pro 8 diantaranya panel: Properties & Filters & Parameters, Actions, Library, Color dan Align & Info & Transform.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Panel Properties & Filters & Parameters<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Panel ini terdapat di bawah stage. Untuk mengeluarkan atau menyembunyikan panel ini dapat digunakan shortcut Ctrl+F3. Panel Properties & Filters & Parameters digunakan untuk untuk mengatur ukuran background, warna background, kecepatan animasi dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1036" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1036" width="32" /><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Panel Actions<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Panel Actions digunakan untuk menuliskan script atau bahasa pemrograman flash (ActionScript). Anda dapat mengetikkan secara langsung pada layar Actions atau menggunakan bantuan yang disediakan oleh Macromedia Flash Pro 8. Untuk memunculkan atau menyembunyikan panel ini dapat digunakan shortcut F9.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1037" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1037" width="32" /><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Panel Library<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Library merupakan panel yang digunakan untuk menyimpan objek-objek berupa graphic atau gambar, button atau tombol, movie dan suara baik yang dibuat langsung pada stage ataupun hasil proses impor dari luar stage. Untuk memunculkan atau menyembunyikan panel ini dapat digunakan shortcut Ctrl+L.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1038" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1038" width="32" /><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. Panel Color<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Panel Color merupakan panel yang digunakan untuk memilih warna yang digunakan dalam pembuatan objek-objek pada stage. Ada dua jenis subpanel, yaitu: Color Mixer dan Swatches. Shortcut untuk Color Mixer adalah Shift+F9 dan shortcut untuk Color Swatches adalah Ctrl+F9.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1039" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1039" width="32" /><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5. Panel Align & Info & Transform<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk menampilkan panel ini Anda dapat menekan Ctrl+K pada keyboard. Panel ini digunakan untuk mengatur posisi objek, ingin diletakkan pada tengah stage, sebelah kiri atau kanan dan lain-lain. Dengan panel ini Anda juga dapat memutar objek dengan Transform.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1040" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1040" width="32" />MODUL 1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">AREA KERJA MACROMEDIA FLASH PRO 8<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada bab pertama ini kita akan melihat secara sekilas area kerja Macromedia Flash Pro 8 yang akan digunakan dalam pembuatan animasi pada bab-bab berikutnya. Semakin Anda dapat mengenal dan menghafal bagian-bagian dalam area kerja Macromedia Flash Pro 8, maka Anda akan semakin mudah dalam mempraktikkan tutorial yang disajikan dalam blog ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jika Anda baru belajar pertama kali, maka Anda dianjurkan untuk mengetahui komponen-komponen utama dalam area kerja Macromedia Flash Pro 8 yang dibahas pada bab ini. Tidak semua komponen dalam Macromedia Flash Pro 8 dibahas pada bab ini. Beberapa penjelasan mengenai komponenkomponen dalam area kerja akan dibahas pada tutorial atau langkah-langkah pada tutorial yang terkait. Meskipun buku ini menggunakan program Macromedia Flash Pro 8, namun Anda juga dapat menggunakan versi yang lain. Jika Anda menggunakan versi yang berbeda dengan yang digunakan tutorial ini, maka Anda harus dapat menyesuaikan dengan komponen-komponen yang tersedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bagian-bagian penting dalam area kerja di atas diantaranya: Menu, Toolbox, Timeline, Stage dan Panel.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A. Menu<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menu pada Macromedia Flash Pro 8 terdiri dari: File, Edit, View, Insert, Modify, Text Commands, Control, Window dan Help. Anda dapat melihat submenu yang terdapat pada masing-masing menu dengan mengeklik satu kali pada menu yang ingin Anda pilih.<br />
<br />
Berikut ini adalah jendela tampilan awal Macromedia Flash 8 Profesional:<br />
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe"
filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1051" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/JendelaFlash.png"
style='width:291pt;height:221.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\09\clip_image001.png"
o:title="JendelaFlash"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/JendelaFlash.png" height="295" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" width="388" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B. Toolbox<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam toolbox terdapat komponen-komponen penting diantaranya: Tools, View, Colors dan Options. Toolbox memiliki peran untuk memanipulasi atau memodifikasi objek dalam stage. Berikut komponen-komponen dalam toolbox beserta fungsi atau kegunaannya:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_i1050" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/SelectionTool.png"
style='width:33.75pt;height:34.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\09\clip_image003.png"
o:title="SelectionTool"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/SelectionTool.png" height="46" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_2" width="45" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">--> Selection Tool (V)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memilih dan memindahkan objek<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1049" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/Subselectiontool.png"
style='width:24pt;height:27pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\09\clip_image005.png"
o:title="Subselectiontool"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/Subselectiontool.png" height="36" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3" width="32" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-->Subselection Tool (A)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengubah bentuk objek dengan edit points<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1048" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/FreeTransfromtool.png"
style='width:25.5pt;height:26.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\09\clip_image007.png"
o:title="FreeTransfromtool"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/FreeTransfromtool.png" height="35" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4" width="34" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-->Free Transform Tool (Q)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengubah atau memutar bentuk objek sesuai keinginan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_5" o:spid="_x0000_i1047" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/GradienTransfrom.png"
style='width:28.5pt;height:24pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\09\clip_image009.png"
o:title="GradienTransfrom"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/GradienTransfrom.png" height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_5" width="38" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-->Gradient Transform Tool (F)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengubah warna gradasi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_6" o:spid="_x0000_i1046" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/LineTool.png"
style='width:26.25pt;height:28.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\09\clip_image011.png"
o:title="LineTool"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/LineTool.png" height="38" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_6" width="35" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-->Line Tool (N)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membuat garis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_i1045" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/LassoTool.png"
style='width:27.75pt;height:27.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\09\clip_image013.png"
o:title="LassoTool"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/LassoTool.png" height="37" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_7" width="37" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-->Lasso Tool (L)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menyeleksi bagian objek yang akan diedit<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_8" o:spid="_x0000_i1044" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/PenTool.png"
style='width:27pt;height:30.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\09\clip_image015.png"
o:title="PenTool"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/PenTool.png" height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_8" width="36" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-->Pen Tool (P)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membuat bentuk objek secara bebas berupa dengan titik-titik sebagai penghubung<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">8.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_9" o:spid="_x0000_i1043" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/TextTool.png"
style='width:27.75pt;height:27.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\09\clip_image017.png"
o:title="TextTool"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/TextTool.png" height="37" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image018.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_9" width="37" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-->Text Tool (T)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membuat teks (kata atau kalimat)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">9.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_10" o:spid="_x0000_i1042" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/OvalTool.png"
style='width:30.75pt;height:24.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\09\clip_image019.png"
o:title="OvalTool"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/OvalTool.png" height="33" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_10" width="41" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-->Oval Tool (O)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membuat objek elips atau lingkaran<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_11" o:spid="_x0000_i1041" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/RectangleTool.png"
style='width:38.25pt;height:30.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\09\clip_image021.png"
o:title="RectangleTool"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img alt="http://i1033.photobucket.com/albums/a411/aansamudra/RectangleTool.png" height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image022.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_11" width="51" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-->Ractangle Tool (R)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membuat objek berbentuk segi empat atau segi banyak<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">11.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="32" />-->Pencil Tool (Y)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menggambar objek secara bebas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">12.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="32" />-->Brush Tool (B)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menggambar objek secara bebas dengan ukuran ketebalan dan bentuk yang sudah disediakan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">13.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="32" />-->Ink Bottle Tool (S)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memberi warna garis tepi (outline)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">14.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1028"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="32" />-->Paint Bucket Tool (K)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memberi warna pada objek secara bebas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">15.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1029"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029" width="32" />-->Eyedropper Tool (I)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengambil contoh warna<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">16.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030" width="32" />-->Eraser Tool (E)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menghapus objek<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">17.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1031"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1031" width="32" />-->Hand Tool (H)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menggeser stage<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">18.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1032"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1032" width="32" />-->Zoom Tool (M atau Z)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memperbesar atau memperkecil objek<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">19.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1033"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1033" width="32" />-->Stroke Color<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memberi warna pada garis tepi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">20.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1034"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1034" width="32" />-->Fill Color<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memberi warna pada pada objek<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C. Timeline<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Timeline atau garis waktu merupakan komponen yang digunakan untuk mengatur atau mengontrol jalannya animasi. Timeline terdiri dari beberapa layer. Layer digunakan untuk menempatkan satu atau beberapa objek dalam stage agar dapat diolah dengan objek lain. Setiap layer terdiri dari frame-frame yang digunakan untuk mengatur kecepatan animasi. Semakin panjang frame dalam layer, maka semakin lama animasi akan berjalan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1035" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1035" width="32" /><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">D. Stage<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Stage disebut juga layar atau panggung. Stage digunakan untuk memainkan objek-objek yang akan diberi animasi. Dalam stage kita dapat membuat gambar, teks, memberi warna dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">E. Panel<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beberapa panel penting dalam Macromedia Flash Pro 8 diantaranya panel: Properties & Filters & Parameters, Actions, Library, Color dan Align & Info & Transform.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Panel Properties & Filters & Parameters<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Panel ini terdapat di bawah stage. Untuk mengeluarkan atau menyembunyikan panel ini dapat digunakan shortcut Ctrl+F3. Panel Properties & Filters & Parameters digunakan untuk untuk mengatur ukuran background, warna background, kecepatan animasi dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1036" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1036" width="32" /><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Panel Actions<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Panel Actions digunakan untuk menuliskan script atau bahasa pemrograman flash (ActionScript). Anda dapat mengetikkan secara langsung pada layar Actions atau menggunakan bantuan yang disediakan oleh Macromedia Flash Pro 8. Untuk memunculkan atau menyembunyikan panel ini dapat digunakan shortcut F9.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1037" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1037" width="32" /><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Panel Library<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Library merupakan panel yang digunakan untuk menyimpan objek-objek berupa graphic atau gambar, button atau tombol, movie dan suara baik yang dibuat langsung pada stage ataupun hasil proses impor dari luar stage. Untuk memunculkan atau menyembunyikan panel ini dapat digunakan shortcut Ctrl+L.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1038" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1038" width="32" /><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. Panel Color<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Panel Color merupakan panel yang digunakan untuk memilih warna yang digunakan dalam pembuatan objek-objek pada stage. Ada dua jenis subpanel, yaitu: Color Mixer dan Swatches. Shortcut untuk Color Mixer adalah Shift+F9 dan shortcut untuk Color Swatches adalah Ctrl+F9.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1039" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1039" width="32" /><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5. Panel Align & Info & Transform<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk menampilkan panel ini Anda dapat menekan Ctrl+K pada keyboard. Panel ini digunakan untuk mengatur posisi objek, ingin diletakkan pada tengah stage, sebelah kiri atau kanan dan lain-lain. Dengan panel ini Anda juga dapat memutar objek dengan Transform.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1040" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:24pt;height:24pt'/><![endif]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/09/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1040" width="32" /><o:p></o:p></span></div>Debora Elluisahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00940664228647186513noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3169845450567496884.post-34460653820644971322012-02-10T14:17:00.000-08:002012-02-10T14:17:02.644-08:00anlogi<div class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"># Contoh 1</span></strong></div><div class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"></span></strong>Sebuah tiang yang terbuat dari bahan yang berkualitas baik tidak mudah digoyahkan apalagi dirobohkan. <br />
Siapa saja yang ingin merusak akan sia-sia saja karena kekuatan yang dimilikinya berbeda dengan tiang yang dibuat dari bahan yang bermutu rendah. <br />
Tiang yang terbuat dari bahan yang bermutu rendah mudah untuk dirobohkan. <br />
Begitu pula dengan keimanan yang dimiliki seseorang. Seseorang yang beriman dengan dasar keagamaan yang kuat tidak akan mudah digoyahkan oleh godaan dan pengaruh yang akan merusak keimanannya. <span class="style15">Dengan demikian keteguhan iman seseorang dapat diibaratkan sebagai kekokohan tiang yang berkualitas baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="style15"><o:p><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"># Contoh 2</span></strong></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal">Perubahan alam semesta yang mengembang dapat dijelaskan dan disimpulkan dari apa yang terjadi pada balon karet yang dikembungkan. Sebelumnya, balon karet itu diwarnai. Ketika dikembungkan, warna pada balon karet itu ikut mengembang. Semakin besar balon itu mengembang, semakin pudar warnanya. Warna itu memudar karena warna makin berkurang dan mengembang. Cahaya bintang-bintang di angkasa juga semakin berkurang intensitasnya. Para ahli menyimpulkan bahwa bintang-bintang itu makin menjauh dari kita dan alam semesta pun mengembang<br />
<br />
<br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"># Contoh 3</span></strong><br />
Seorang anak yang baru lahir masih suci. Baik buruknya anak tersebut kelak antara lain bergantung pada bagaimana cara oran tua mendidiknya, pengaruh orang-orang terdekat dan lingkungannya. Demikian pula kertas putih yang belum bernoda, akan menjadi apa kertas tersebut tergantung pada apa yang akan kita goreskan pada kertas putih tersebut<br />
<br />
<br />
<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"># Contoh 4</span></strong><br />
Kalau anda gemar tanaman hias, tentu anda mengenal dengan baik cara menanam dan merawatnya dalam taman. Pada dasarnya, proses merawat taman sama denga proses merawat anak dalam keluarga. Keduanya sama-sama memerlukan ketrampilan dan perhatian khusus. Pada tanaman, diperlukan ketrampilan mengolah tanah dan memberi pupuk, seperti memberi perhatian khusus, yaitu menyirami tepat waktu agar kelak memberi hasil yang memuaskan. Begitu pula dengan merawat anak. Pada anak, diperlukan kemampuan memberi makanan yang bergizi, pembentukan kepribadian, serta perhatian khusus, yaitu memberi kasih sayang agar kelak anak tumbuh dengan sehat, cerdas, dan bermoral baik </div>Debora Elluisahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00940664228647186513noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3169845450567496884.post-72474526496136736512012-02-10T14:15:00.000-08:002012-02-10T14:15:03.347-08:00laporan pembuatan tapai ketan putih<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KATA PENGANTAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT, atas berkat rahmat dan karunianya penulis dapat menyelesaikan Laporan Biologi tentang pe</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">mbuatan tapai ketan putih</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang dilaksanakan selama tiga hari, yakni pada tanggal 0</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">November </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> 06</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">November</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 2011. Semoga laporan dapat menjadi referensi maupun literatur dalam penelitian sejenis. Serta dapat memberikan manfaat bagi kita semua, baik pembaca maupun penulis. Kami juga ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ibu Dra. Suprohana (selaku guru pembimbing kami)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -40.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dan orang tua serta teman teman yang ikut membantu dalam pembuatan laporan ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penulis pun menyadari, masih banyak kekurangan di dalam laporan ini. Sehingga, penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran demi perbaikan di masa yang akan datang. Selamat membaca</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penulis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 9;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kelompok 4<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">DAFTAR ISI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kata Pengantar<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Daftar Isi <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pendahuluan <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tinjauan Pustaka<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Metode penelititan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pembahasan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kesimpulan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Daftar Pustaka<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">\<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Rumusan masalah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Apa yang meyebabkan ketan putih berubah menjadi tapai ketan putih?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Berapa lama waktu yang diperlukan untuk membuat tapai ketan putih?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Faktor-faktor penyebab kegagalan dalam pembuatan tapai ketan putih.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hipotesis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tapai ketan putih dibuat dengan meaburkan ketan putih dengan ragi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pembuatan tapai ketan putih memerlukan waktu selama 3 hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tujuan penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Siswa mampu membuat tapai ketan putih.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Siswa mampu mengetahui lama waktu yang diperlukan dalam pembuatan tapai ketan putih.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Siswa mampu mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pembuatan tapai ketan putih.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tapai</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> (sering dieja sebagai <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">tape</span>) adalah salah satu makanan tradisional Indonesia yang dihasilkan dari proses peragian (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentasi" title="Fermentasi"><span lang="FI" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: FI; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fermentasi</span></a></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">) bahan pangan ber</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat"><span lang="FI" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: FI; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">karbohidrat</span></a></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">, seperti singkong dan ketan. Tapai bisa dibuat dari </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singkong" title="Singkong"><span lang="FI" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: FI; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">singkong</span></a></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> (ubi kayu) dan hasilnya dinamakan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapai_singkong" title="Tapai singkong"><span lang="FI" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: FI; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tapai singkong</span></a></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">. Bila dibuat dari </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketan" title="Ketan"><span lang="FI" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: FI; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ketan</span></a></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> hitam maupun ketan putih, hasilnya disebut "tapai pulut" atau "</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tapai_ketan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tapai ketan (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="FI" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: FI; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tapai ketan</span></a></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">". Dalam proses fermentasi tapai, digunakan beberapa jenis </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroorganisme" title="Mikroorganisme"><span lang="FI" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: FI; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mikroorganisme</span></a></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> seperti </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saccharomyces_cerevisiae&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="FI" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: FI; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</span></a></span></i><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">, </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhizopus_oryzae&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Rhizopus oryzae (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="FI" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: FI; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rhizopus oryzae</span></a></span></i><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">, </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endomycopsis_burtonii&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Endomycopsis burtonii (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="FI" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: FI; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Endomycopsis burtonii</span></a></span></i><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">, </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mucor&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Mucor (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="FI" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: FI; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mucor</span></a></span></i><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> sp., </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Candida_utilis&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Candida utilis (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="FI" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: FI; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Candida utilis</span></a></span></i><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">, </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saccharomycopsis_fibuligera&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Saccharomycopsis fibuligera (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="FI" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: FI; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Saccharomycopsis fibuligera</span></a></span></i><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">, </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediococcus" title="Pediococcus"><span lang="FI" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: FI; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pediococcus</span></a></span></i><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> sp., dan lain-lain.. Tapai hasil fermentasi dari <i>S. cerevisiae</i> umumnya berbentuk semi-cair, berasa manis keasaman, mengandung alkohol, dan memiliki tekstur lengket.Umumnya, tapai diproduksi oleh industri kecil dan menengah sebagai kudapan atau hidangan pencuci mulut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -279.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Selain rasanya yang manis dan aroma yang memikat, tapai juga dibuat dengan beberapa warna berbeda. Warna tersebut tidak berasal dari pewarna buatan yang berbahaya, melainkan berasal dari pewarna alami. Untuk membuat tapai ketan berwarna merah, digunakan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkak" title="Angkak"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">angkak</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmen" title="Pigmen"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pigmen</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> yang dihasilkan oleh </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monascus_purpureus&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Monascus purpureus (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Monascus purpureus</span></a></span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan tapai ketan warna hijau dibuat menggunakan ekstrak daun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandan" title="Pandan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pandan</span></a>. </span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuatan tapai memerlukan kecermatan dan kebersihan yang tinggi agar singkong atau ketan dapat menjadi lunak karena proses fermentasi yang berlangsung dengan baik. Ragi adalah bibit <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamur" title="Jamur"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">jamur</span></a> yang digunakan untuk membuat tapai. Agar pembuatan tape berhasil dengan baik alat-alat dan bahan-bahan yang digunakan harus bersih, terutama dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemak" title="Lemak"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lemak</span></a> atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak" title="Minyak"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">minyak</span></a>. Alat-alat yang berminyak jika dipakai untuk mengolah bahan tapai bisa menyebabkan kegagalan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentasi" title="Fermentasi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fermentasi</span></a>. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Air</span></a> yang digunakan juga harus bersih; menggunakan air <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujan" title="Hujan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hujan</span></a> bisa mengakibatkan tapai tidak berhasil dibuat.<sup><o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt 144.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo8; tab-stops: -153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keunggulan Tapai<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: -153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Fermentasi tapai dapat meningkatkan kandungan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vitamin</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> B1 (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamina" title="Tiamina"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tiamina</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">) hingga tiga kali lipat. Vitamin ini diperlukan oleh sistem </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraf" title="Saraf"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">saraf</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sel_otot&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sel otot (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sel otot</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">, dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_pencernaan" title="Sistem pencernaan"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sistem pencernaan</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> agar dapat berfungsi dengan baik.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Karena mengandung berbagai macam </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bakteri</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> “baik” yang aman dikonsumsi, tapai dapat digolongkan sebagai sumber </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probiotik" title="Probiotik"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">probiotik</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> bagi tubuh. Cairan tapai dan tapai ketan diketahui mengandung </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri_asam_laktat" title="Bakteri asam laktat"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bakteri asam laktat</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> sebanyak ± satu juta per mililiter atau gramnya. Produk fermentasi ini diyakini dapat memberikan efek menyehatkan tubuh, terutama sistem pencernaan, karena meningkatkan jumlah bakteri dalam tubuh dan mengurangi jumlah bakteri jahat. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kelebihan lain dari tapai adalah kemampuannya tapai mengikat dan mengeluarkan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflatoksin" title="Aflatoksin"><span lang="FI" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: FI; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">aflatoksin</span></a></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> dari tubuh. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aflaktosin&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Aflaktosin (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Aflaktosin</span></a> merupakan zat toksik atau racun yang dihasilkan oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapang" title="Kapang"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kapang</span></a>, terutama <i><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aspergillus_flavus&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Aspergillus flavus (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Aspergillus flavus</span></a></i>. Toksik ini banyak kita jumpai dalam kebutuhan pangan sehari-hari, seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecap" title="Kecap"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kecap</span></a>. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Konsumsi tapai dalam batas normal diharapkan dapat mereduksi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflatoksin" title="Aflatoksin"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">aflatoksin</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> tersebut. Di beberapa negara </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropis" title="Tropis"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tropis</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> yang mengkonsumsi singkong sebagai karbohidrat utama, penduduknya rentan menderita anemia. Hal ini dikarenakan singkong mengandung </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sianida" title="Sianida"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sianida</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> yang bersifat toksik dalam tubuh manusia. Konsumsi tapai dapat mencegah terjadinya anemia karena mikroorganisme yang berperan dalam fermentasinya mampu menghasilkan vitamin B<sub>12</sub></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo8; tab-stops: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kelemahan tapai<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Konsumsi tapai yang berlebihan dapat menimbulkan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infeksi" title="Infeksi"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">infeksi</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> pada darah dan gangguan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_pencernaan" title="Sistem pencernaan"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sistem pencernaan</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">. Selain itu, beberapa jenis bakteri yang digunakan dalam pembuatan tapai berpotensi menyebabkan penyakit pada orang-orang dengan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_imun" title="Sistem imun"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sistem imun</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> yang terlalu lemah seperti anak-anak balita, kaum lanjut usia, atau penderita </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" title="HIV"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">HIV</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">. Untuk mengurangi dampak negatif tersebut, konsumsi tapai perlu dilakukan secara terkendali dan pembuatannya serta penyimpanannya pun dilakukan dengan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Higienis&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Higienis (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: SV; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">higienis</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">METODE PENELITIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat dan Bahan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengukus nasi (langseng) 1 buah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Panci atau baskom 1 buah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tampah 1 buah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cukil kayu 1 buah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kipas 1 buah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keler/daun pisang/plastik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beras ketan hitam atau ketan putih<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ragi tape<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Langkah Kerja<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cuci bersih semua peralatan yang akan digunakan, lalu keringkan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cuci bersih beras ketan yang akan digunakan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rendamlah beras ketan tersebut selama 12 jam<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah direndam selama 12 jam, angkat beras ketan putih tersebut lalu bilas dengan air beberapa kali<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kukus beras ketan putih tersebut sampai matang<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Angkat beras ketan yang telah matang, lalu letakkan di atas tampah atau baskom, dinginkan dengan cara mengipasinya<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah dingin campurkan ragi yang telah dihaluskan dan aduk sampai merata<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bungkus ketan putih yang telah dicampur ragi dengan daun pisang atau plastik, atau masukkan ke dalam keler (stoples)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Simpan selama 2-3 hari<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Catatan:<br />
</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Banyaknya ragi yang digunakan disesuaikan dengan jumlah beras ketan. Bila terlalu banyak akan mempercepat proses fermentasi dan menyebabkan rasa tape menjadi pengar, bila terlalu sedikit dapat menyebabkan tape yang terbentuk tidak manis dan terasa keras.<br />
2. Takaran ragi yang tepat biasanya diperoleh berdasarkan pengalaman.<br />
3. Kualitas tape yang baik turut ditentukan oleh jenis ragi yang digunakan dan asal ragi tersebut<a href="" name="_GoBack"></a>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3.3 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Waktu dan Tempat Pelaksanaan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Waktu pelaksanaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">November </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> 06</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">November</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 2011</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tempat pelaksanaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Salah satu rumah anggota kelompok 4.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada tape ketan itu terjadi proses fermentasi yang menyebabkan ketan menjadi bau alkohol dan terasa manis.Reaksi dalam fermentasi berbeda-beda tergantung pada jenis gula yang digunakan dan produk yang dihasilkan. Secara singkat, glukosa (C6H12O6) yang merupakan gula paling sederhana , melalui fermentasi akan menghasilkan etanol (2C2H5OH). Reaksi fermentasi ini dilakukan oleh ragi (Mikroorganisme <i>saccharomyces)</i>, dan digunakan pada produksi makanan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persamaan Reaksi Kimia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> → 2C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH + 2CO<sub>2</sub> + 2 ATP (Energi yang dilepaskan:118 kJ per mol)<br />
Dijabarkan sebagai<br />
Gula (glukosa, fruktosa, atau sukrosa) → Alkohol (etanol) + Karbon dioksida + Energi (ATP)<br />
Adapun reaksi yang terjadi dalam proses fermentasi tape yaitu : <br />
2(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)n + nH<sub>2</sub>O —-> n C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub><br />
Amilum/patiamilase matosa<br />
C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O —-> 2C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub><br />
Maltosa maltase glukosa<br />
C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> —-> 2C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH + 2CO<sub>2</sub><br />
glukosa alcohol</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam fermentasi tape ketan terlibat beberapa mikro organisme yang disebut dengan mikrobia perombak pati menjadi gula yang menjadikan tape pada awal fermentasi terasa manis.yang menyebabkan tape ketan berubah menjadi alkohol karena adanya bakteri actobakter aceti (mengubah alcohol menjadi asam asetat).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembuatan tape ini berlangsung selama dua sampai tiga hari,dalam kurun tiga hari itu tape masih bisa masih bisa dimakan karena tape belum berubah menjadi alcohol,tapi jika tape sudah lebih dari tiga hari tape tidak bisa dimakan(dikonsumsi) karena sudah berubah menjadi alcohol selain itu juga tape tersebut sudah membusuk.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Percobaan membuat tapai ketan putih ini dilakukan guna mengetahui peran bakteri yang terdapat dalam ragi yang digunakan dalam membuat tapai ketan putih. Dengan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persamaan Reaksi Kimia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> → 2C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH + 2CO<sub>2</sub> + 2 ATP (Energi yang dilepaskan:118 kJ per mol)<br />
Dijabarkan sebagai<br />
Gula (glukosa, fruktosa, atau sukrosa) → Alkohol (etanol) + Karbon dioksida + Energi (ATP)<br />
Adapun reaksi yang terjadi dalam proses fermentasi tape yaitu : <br />
2(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)n + nH<sub>2</sub>O —-> n C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub><br />
Amilum/patiamilase matosa<br />
C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O —-> 2C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub><br />
Maltosa maltase glukosa<br />
C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> —-> 2C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH + 2CO<sub>2</sub><br />
glukosa alcohol</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tapai ketan putih yang dibuat melalui persamaan reaksi tersebut mengandung alcohol yang apabila dalam waktu sekitar tiga hari tidak langsung dikonsumsi maka akan rusak dan tidak dapat dikonsumsi lagi. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuatan tapai memerlukan kecermatan dan kebersihan yang tinggi agar singkong atau ketan dapat menjadi lunak karena proses fermentasi yang berlangsung dengan baik. Ragi adalah bibit <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamur" title="Jamur"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">jamur</span></a> yang digunakan untuk membuat tapai. Agar pembuatan tape berhasil dengan baik alat-alat dan bahan-bahan yang digunakan harus bersih, terutama dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemak" title="Lemak"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lemak</span></a> atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak" title="Minyak"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">minyak</span></a>. Alat-alat yang berminyak jika dipakai untuk mengolah bahan tapai bisa menyebabkan kegagalan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentasi" title="Fermentasi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fermentasi</span></a>. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Air</span></a> yang digunakan juga harus bersih; menggunakan air <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujan" title="Hujan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hujan</span></a> bisa mengakibatkan tapai tidak berhasil dibuat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://www.scribd.com/">www.scribd.com</a><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://www.biologiuniverse.com/">www.biologiuniverse.com</a><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://www.ganool.blogspot.com/">www.ganool.blogspot.com</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>Debora Elluisahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00940664228647186513noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3169845450567496884.post-22695460627060420722012-02-10T14:07:00.001-08:002012-02-10T14:07:12.828-08:00Laporan Uji coba Sach<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 200%;">KATA PENGANTAR<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Puji syukur kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, atas berkat rahmat dan karuniaNya sehingga laporan kami mengenai Fotosintesis Sach dapat terselesaikan. Laporan ini kami buat setelah melakukan percobaan pada tanggal 01 Desember 2011, di depan kelas XII akselerasi. Semoga laporan kami dapat memberikan kontribusi terhadap pembelajaran yang terkait dengan materi ini. Penulis juga ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada pihak-pihak yang telah membantu pengerjaan dan penyelesaian materi ini, Dra.Suprohan aselaku guru pembimbing mata pelajaran biologi. Penulis pun menyadari masih banyak terdapat kekurangan dan kesalahan di dalam laporan ini. Penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran demi perbaikan di masa yang akan datang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 8;"> </span>Bengkulu, 05 Desember 2011<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 8;"> </span>Penulis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR ISI<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kata Pengantar<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Daftar Isi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pendahuluan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tinjauan Pustaka<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Metode penelititan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembahasan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kesimpulan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penutup<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Daftar Pustaka<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lampiran<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Rumusan masalah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Apakah pengaruh cahaya terhadap fotosintesis ?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagaimana daerah yang tidak terkena cahaya pada daun keladi yang ditutup kertas karbon/alumunium foil ?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Apa pengaruh lugol dalam percobaan ini ?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Apa yang dihasilkan dalam proses fotosintesis ?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hipotesis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cahaya berpengaruh dalam proses fotosintesis.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Daerah tersebut tidak terjadi fotosintesis dan berwarna coklat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk melihat apakah fotosintesi terjadi pada daerah daun yang ditutupi oleh kertas karbon/alumunium foil.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Energi, glukosa, dan oksigen.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tujuan penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">engidentifikasi zat atau senyawa yang dihasilkan pada</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">fotosintesis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 200%;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fotosintesis</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fotosintesis berasal dari kata foton yang berarti cahaya dan sintesis yang berarti penyusunan. Jadi fotosintesis adalah proses penyusunan dari zat organik H<sub>2</sub>O dan CO<sub>2</sub> menjadi senyawa organik yang kompleks yang memerlukan cahaya. Fotosintesis hanya dapat terjadi pada tumbuhan yang mempunyai klorofil, yaitu pigmen yang berfungsi sebagai penangkap energi cahaya matahari. (Kimball, 2002)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fotosintesis adalah suatu proses <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">biokimia</span></a> yang dilakukan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tumbuhan</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alga" title="Alga"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">alga</span></a>, dan beberapa jenis <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bakteri</span></a> untuk memproduksi energi terpakai (nutrisi) dengan memanfaatkan energi cahaya. Hampir semua makhluk hidup bergantung dari energi yang dihasilkan dalam fotosintesis. Akibatnya fotosintesis menjadi sangat penting bagi kehidupan di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bumi</span></a>. Fotosintesis juga berjasa menghasilkan sebagian besar oksigen yang terdapat di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfer" title="Atmosfer"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">atmosfer</span></a> bumi. Organisme yang menghasilkan energi melalui fotosintesis (photos berarti cahaya) disebut sebagai fototrof. Fotosintesis merupakan salah satu cara asimilasi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">karbon</span></a> karena dalam fotosintesis karbon bebas dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/CO2" title="CO2"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">CO2</span></a> diikat (difiksasi) menjadi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula" title="Gula"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gula</span></a> sebagai molekul penyimpan energi. Cara lain yang ditempuh organisme untuk mengasimilasi karbon adalah melalui <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kemosintesis&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kemosintesis (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kemosintesis</span></a>, yang dilakukan oleh sejumlah bakteri <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">belerang</span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fotosintesis dikenal sebagai suatu proses sintesis makanan yang dimiliki oleh tumbuhan hijau dan beberapa mikroorganisme fotosintetik. Organisme yang mampu mensintesis makanannya sendiri disebut sebagai organisme autrotof. Autotrof dalam rantai makanan menduduki sebagai produsen. Pada prinsinya komponen yang dibutuhkan dalam reaksi fotosintesis adalah CO<sub>2</sub> yang berasal dari udara dan H<sub>2</sub>O yang diserap dari dalam tanah. Selain itu sesuai dengan namanya, foto “cahaya” reaksi ini membutuhkan cahaya matari sebagai energi dalam pembuatan atau sintesis produk (senyawa gula dan oksigen).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reaksi fotosintesis dapat diartikan bahwa enam molekul karobondioksida dan enam molekul air bereaksi dengan bantuan energi cahaya matahari untuk dirubah menjadi satu molekul glukosa dan enam molekul oksigen. Glukosa adalah molekul yang dibentuk sebagai hasil dari proses fotosintesis yang di dalamnya tersimpan hasil konversi energi cahaya matahari dalam bentuk ikatan-ikatan kimia penyusun molekul tersebut. Glukosa merupakan senyawa karbon yang nantinya digunakan bersama elemen-elemen lain di dalam sel untuk membentuk senyawa kimia lain yang sangat penting bagi organisme tersebut, seperti DNA, protein, gula dan lemak. Selain itu, organisme dapat memanfaatkan energi kimia yang tersimpan dalam ikatan kimia di antara atom-atom penyusun glukosa sebagai sumber energi dalam proses-proses di dalam tubuh.<br />
Seperti organisme lainnya, tanaman tersusun atas sel-sel sebagai unit dasar penyusun kehidupan tanaman. Sel-sel tanaman mengandung struktur yang disebut kloroplas (Chloroplast) yang merupakan tempat terjadinya fotosintesis. Kloroplas adalah organel khusus yang dimiliki oleh tanaman, berbentuk oval dan mengandung klorofil (chlorophyll) yang dikenal dengan zat hijau daun. Seluruh bagian tumbuhan yang merupakan struktur berwarna hijau, termasuk batang dan buah memiliki kloroplas dalam setiap sel penyusunnya. Namun secara umum aktifitas fotosintesis terjadi di dalam daun. Michael W. Davidson dalam websetnya menyatakan bahwa kepadatan kloroplas di permukaan daun suatu tanaman rata-rata sekitar satu setengah juta per milimeter persegi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fotosintesis memiliki dua macam reaksi, yaitu reaksi terang dan reaksi gelap. Selama reaksi terang, klorofil bersama dengan pigmen-pigmen lain di dalam kloroplas menyerap energi cahaya matahari dan mengkonversinya menjadi energi kimia yang disimpan dalam ikatan kimia penyusun glukosa. Energi yang diserap merupakan energi kaya elektron yang nantinya akan terlibat dalam serangkaian rantai reaksi yang disebut transpot elektron. Menurut Stone (2004), air melalui reaksi terang akan dipecah (fotolisis) menjadi proton, elektron dan O<sub>2</sub>. Proton dan elektron yang dihasilkan dari pemecahan ini bergabung dengan senyawa aseptor elektron NADP+ (nikotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate) membentuk NADPH. Beberapa proton bergerak melalui membran kloroplas , dan energi yang dibentuk berupa ATP (Adenosine triphospat). NADPH dan ATP adalah komponen yang masuk ke dalam reaksi gelap (siklus Calvin), yang merubah molekul CO<sub>2</sub> menjadi molekul gula berantai karobon tiga. energi kimia hasil konversi dari energi cahaya matahari tersimpan dalam senyawa karbon tersebut. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karbohidrat merupakan senyawa karbon yang terdapat di alam sebagai molekul yang kompleks dan besar. Karbohidrat sangat beraneka ragam contohnya seperti sukrosa, monosakarida, dan polisakarida. Monosakarida adalah karbohidrat yang paling sederhana. Monosakarida dapat diikat secara bersama-sama untuk membentuk dimer, trimer dan lain-lain. Dimer merupakan gabungan antara dua monosakarida dan trimer terdiri dari tiga monosakarida.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tumbuhan terutama tumbuhan tingkat tinggi, untuk memperoleh makanan sebagai kebutuhan pokoknya agar tetap bertahan hidup, tumbuhan tersebut harus melakukan suatu proses yang dinamakan proses sintesis karbohidrat yang terjadi dibagian daun satu tumbuhan yang memiliki klorofil, dengan menggunakan cahaya matahari. Cahaya matahari merupakan sumber energi yang diperlukan tumbuhan untuk proses tersebut. Tanpa adanya cahaya matahari tumbuhan tidak akan mampu melakukan proses fotosintesis, hal ini disebabkan klorofil yang berada didalam daun tidak dapat menggunakan cahaya matahari karena klorofil hanya akan berfungsi bila ada cahaya matahari. <br />
</span><span lang="DA" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: DA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada tahun 1860, Sachs membuktikan bahwa fotosintesis menghasilkan amilum. Dalam percobaannya tersebut ia menggunakan daun segar yang sebagian dibungkus dengan kertas timah kemudian daun tersebut direbus, dimasukkan kedalam alkoholdan ditetesi dengan iodium. Ia menyimpulkan bahwa warna biru kehitaman pada daun yang tidak ditutupi kertas timah menandakan adanya amilum. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Organisasi dan fungsi suatu sel hidup bergantung pada persediaan energi yang tak henti-hentinya. Sumber energi ini tersimpan dalam molekul-molekul organik seperti karbohidrat. Untuk tujuan praktis, satu-satunya sumber molekul bahan bakar yang menjadi tempat begantung seluruh kehidupan adalah fotosintesis. Fotosintesis merupakan salah satu reaksi yang tergolong ke dalam reaksi anabolisme. Fotosintesis adalah proses pembentukan bahan makanan (glukosa) yang berbahan baku karbondioksida dan air.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fotosintesis hanya dapat dilakukan oleh tumbuhan dan ganggang hijau yang bersifat autotrof. Artinya keduanya mampu menangkap energi matahari untuk menyintesis molekul-molekul organik kaya energi dari precursor organik H<sub>2</sub>O dan CO<sub>2</sub>. Sementara itu, hewan dan manusia tergolong heterotrof, yaitu memerlukan suplay senyawa-senyawa organik dari lingkungan (tumbuhan) karena hewan dan manusia tidak dapat menyintesis karbohidrat. Karena itu, hewan dan manusia bergantung pada organisme autotrof. (http://metabolismelink.freehostia.com) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fotosintesis terjadi di dalam kloroplas. Kloroplas merupakan organel plastid yang mengandung pigmen hijau daun (klorofil). Sel yang mengandung kloroplas terdapat pada mesofil daun tanaman, yaitu sel-sel jaringan tiang (palisade) dan sel-sel jaringan bunga karang (spons). Di dalam kloroplas terdapat klorofil pada protein integral membrane tilakoid. Klorofil dapat dibedakan menjadi klorofil a dan klorofil b. klorofil a merupakan hijau rumput (green grass pigment) yang mampu menyerap cahaya merah dan biru-keunguan. Klorofil a ini sangat berperan dalam reaksi gelap fotosintesis. Klorofil b merupakan pigmen hijau-kebiruan yang mampu menyerap cahaya biru dan merah kejinggaan. Klorofil b banyak terdapat pada tumbuhan, ganggang hijau dan beberapa bakteri autotrof.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klorofil terdapat sebagai butir-butir hijau di dalam kloroplas. Pada umumnya kloroplas itu berbentuk oval, bahan dasarnya disebut stroma, sedang butir-butir yang terkandung di dalamnya disebut grana. Pada tanaman tinggi ada dua macam klorofil, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">klorofil-a : C<sub>55</sub>H<sub>72</sub>O<sub>5</sub>N<sub>4</sub>Mg, berwarna hijau tua<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">klorofil-b : C<sub>55</sub>H<sub>70</sub>O<sub>6</sub>N<sub>4</sub>Mg, berwarna hijau muda<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumus bangunnya berupa suatu cincin yang terdiri atas 4 pirol dengan Mg sebagai inti. Rumus bangun ini hamper serupa dengan rumus bangun haemin (zat darah), di mana intinya bukan Mg melainkan Fe. Pada klorofil; terdapat suatu rangkaian yang disebut fitil yang dapat terlepas menjadi fitol C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>39</sub>OH, jika kena air (hidrolisis) dan pengaruh enzim klorofilase. Fitol itu lipofil (suka asam lemak), sedangkan biasanya disebut rangka porfin, sifatnya hidrofil (suka akan air). (Dwidjoseputro, 1994:18)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh dalam pembentukan klorofil:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor pembawaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembentukan klorofil dibawakan oleh gen tertentu di dalam kromosom.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cahaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terlalu banyak sinar berpengaruh buruk kepada klorofil. Larutan yang dihadapkan kepada sinar kuat tampak berkurang hijaunya. Hal ini juag dapat kita lihat pada daun-daun yang terus terkena kena sinar langsung warna mereka menjadi hijau kekuning-kuningan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oksigen<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Karbohidrat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan tiada pemberian gula, daun-daun tersebut tak mampu menghasilkan klorofil, meskipun faktor-faktor lain cukup.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nitrogen Magnesium.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Besi yang menjadi bahan pembentuk klorofil merupakan suatu <i>condition sinc qua non </i>(kehausan). Kekurangan akan salah satu dari zat-zat tersebut mengakibatkan klorosis kepada tumbuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Air.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Air merupakan faktor keharusan pula, kekurangan air mengakibatkan desintegrasi dari klorofil seperti terjadi pada rumput dan pohon-pohonan di musim kering.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Unsur-unsur Mn, Cu, Zn, meskipun hanya di dalam jumlah yang sedikit sekali, membantu pembentukan klorofil. Dengan tiada unsur-unsur itu, tanaman akan mengalami klorosis juga.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Temperatur antara 3<sup>o</sup>-48<sup>o</sup>C merupakan suatu kondisi yang baik untuk pembentukan klorofil pada kebanyakan tanaman, akan tetapi yang paling baik ialah antara 26<sup>o</sup>-30<sup>o</sup>C.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikut adalah beberapa faktor utama yang menentukan laju fotosintesis:<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intensitas cahaya<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Laju fotosintesis maksimum ketika banyak cahaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="2" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konsentrasi karbon dioksida<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semakin banyak karbon dioksida di udara, makin banyak jumlah bahan yang dapt digunakan tumbuhan untuk melangsungkan fotosintesis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="3" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suhu<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Enzim-enzim yang bekerja dalam proses fotosintesis hanya dapat bekerja pada suhu optimalnya. Umumnya laju fotosintensis meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya suhu hingga batas toleransi enzim.<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="4" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kadar air<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kekurangan air atau kekeringan menyebabkan stomata menutup, menghambat penyerapan karbon dioksida sehingga mengurangi laju fotosintesis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="5" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kadar fotosintat (hasil fotosintesis)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika kadar fotosintat seperti karbohidrat berkurang, laju fotosintesis akan naik. Bila kadar fotosintat bertambah atau bahkan sampai jenuh, laju fotosintesis akan berkurang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="6" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tahap pertumbuhan<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa laju fotosintesis jauh lebih tinggi pada tumbuhan yang sedang berkecambah ketimbang tumbuhan dewasa. Hal ini mungkin dikarenakan tumbuhan berkecambah memerlukan lebih banyak energi dan makanan untuk tumbuh.<a href="" name="more"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada umumnya sel fotosintesis mengandung satu atau lebih pigmen klorofil yang berwarna hijau. Berbagai sel fotosintesis lainnya seperti pada ganggang dan bacteria, berwarna coklat, merah dan ungu. Hal ini disebabkan oleh adanya pigmen lain di samping klorofil, yaitu pigmen pelengkap, seperti karotenoid yang berwarna kuning, merah atau ungu dan fikobilin yang berwarna biru atau merah (Muhammad Wirahadikusumah, 1985: 99)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada tahun 1962, Gustav Julius Von Sachs, membuktikan bahwa pada fotosintesis terbentuk karbohidrat amilum. Adanya amilum dapat dibuktikan dengan pengujian dengan yodium, amilum dengan yodium memberikan warna hitam. Amilum hanya terdapat pada bagian daun yang hijau dan terkena sinar.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada percobaaan Sachs, A daun yang sebagian tertutup x, terkena sinar sepanjang hari. B daun tersebut setelah dipetik, direbus, direndam dalam alcohol untuk melarutkan klorofilnya dan setelah itu dicelup dalam larutan yodium. Bagian yang tertutup tampak putih (berarti tanpa amilum), sedang daerah sekitarnya berwarna hitam yang menunjukkan adanya amilum.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 200%;">METODE PENELITIAN<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Alat dan Bahan :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.2pt;" valign="top" width="308"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: TH;">Gelas kimia <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: TH;">Tabung reaksi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: TH;">Pembakar spiritus <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: TH;">Kaki tiga<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: TH;">Kasa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: TH;">Cawan petridist <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: TH;">Pipet tetes<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: TH;">Pinset <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH;">Daun keladi yang sebagian ditutup kertas timah</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: TH;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH;">Alkohol 70%</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: TH;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH;">Larutan alcohol</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: TH;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: TH; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: TH;">Aquadest</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: TH;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Langkah Kerja<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam gelas kimia isi air hingga 100 mL, panaskan hingga mendidih.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Masukkan daun yang sudah dipotong bulat untuk daun ditutup dan kotak (3x3 cm) untuk daun yang tidak ditutup dalam gelas kimia tadi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Setelah daun layu (± 10 menit) ambil daun dan masukkan dalam tabung reaksi yang berisi alkohol 1/3 bagian tabung, dan panaskan dalam gelas kimia tadi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Setelah daun menjadi pucat, keluarkan daun dari tabung reaksi keringkan dengan kertas saring, lalu tetesi dengan lugol. Amati yang terjadi dan catat dalam table pengamatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Buat laporan dan simpulkan hasil kegiatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Waktu dan Tempat Pelaksanaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Waktu pelaksanaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 1 Desember 2011.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tempat pelaksanaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Di depan kelas XII Akselerasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pertanyaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keadaan daun<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Warna daun sebelum ditetesi lugol<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Warna daun setelah ditetesi lugol<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Yang ditutup kertas timah<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Yang tidak ditutup<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jelaskan menurut pendapatmu mengapa daun ditutup dengan kertas karbon?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebelum daun direbus berwarna </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. . . </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">, setelah daun direbus dalam</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">alkohol panas, warna daun menjadi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> . . . ,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">dan warna alcohol menjad</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">i . . . .</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Setelah daun ditetesi lugol, warna daun yang tadinya tertutup kertas karbon/ kertas timah menjadi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> . . . </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">, sedangkan warna daun yang tidak ditutup kertas karbon/ kertas timah menjad</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">i . . . .</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Apa sebab ada perbedaan warna pada daun setelah ditetesi dengan lugol?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Apakah kesimpulan kegiatan ini dan buatlah laporan hasil kegiatannya! <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jawaban pertanyaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 200%;">KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Demikianlah laporan ini kami buat, semoga dapat bermanfaat bukan hanya sebagai literature namun juga sebagai referensi dalam pembelajaran. Laporan ini berisikan tentang percobaan fotosintesis sach mulai dari tujuan percobaan, alat dan bahan, langkah kerja serta kesimpulan yang dapat kami tarikdaripercobaan yang telah kami lakukan. Semoga pembaca mampu melakukanp ercobaan yang lebih baik dari yang penulis lakukan dan mampu memberikan kontribusi baik secara langsung maupun secara tidak langsung demi perbaikan pendidikan khususnya di mata pelajaran biologi. Penulis juga menyadari masih banyak terdapat kekurangan di dalam penulisan laporan ini, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran demi perbaikan di masa yang akan datang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 200%;">LAMPIRAN<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
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o:title="DSC00446"/> <w:wrap type="square"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img align="left" height="177" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/04/clip_image004.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="211" /><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pembakar Bunsen<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lugol</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: black; border: none black 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 0pt; layout-grid-mode: line; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE; mso-bidi-language: X-NONE; mso-border-alt: none black 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: X-NONE; mso-font-width: 0%; padding: 0cm;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: black; border: none black 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 0pt; layout-grid-mode: line; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-language: X-NONE; mso-border-alt: none black 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: X-NONE; mso-font-width: 0%; padding: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:230.5pt;margin-top:24.95pt;width:179pt;height:134.25pt;
z-index:251656192'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\04\clip_image005.jpg"
o:title="DSC00448"/> <w:wrap type="square"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img align="left" height="179" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/04/clip_image006.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1029" width="239" /><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:-19.35pt;margin-top:24.95pt;width:170.45pt;
height:127.85pt;z-index:251655168'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\04\clip_image007.jpg"
o:title="DSC00450"/> <w:wrap type="square"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img align="left" height="170" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/04/clip_image008.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1028" width="227" /><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tabung Reaksi<span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>Kasa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1031" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;
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height:129.95pt;z-index:251658240'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\04\clip_image009.jpg"
o:title="DSC00453"/> <w:wrap type="square"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img align="left" height="173" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/04/clip_image010.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1031" width="231" /><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:-19.35pt;margin-top:12.95pt;width:170.45pt;
height:127.8pt;z-index:251657216'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\04\clip_image011.jpg"
o:title="DSC00451"/> <w:wrap type="square"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img align="left" height="170" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/04/clip_image012.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1030" width="227" /><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Alumunium Foil<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>Rancangan Percobaan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1033" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:233.35pt;margin-top:-32.15pt;width:186.5pt;
height:139.85pt;z-index:251660288'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\04\clip_image013.jpg"
o:title="DSC00461"/> <w:wrap type="square"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img align="left" height="186" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/04/clip_image014.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1033" width="249" /><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1032" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:-20.5pt;margin-top:-35.25pt;width:190.6pt;
height:142.95pt;z-index:251659264'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\04\clip_image015.jpg"
o:title="DSC00456"/> <w:wrap type="square"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img align="left" height="191" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/04/clip_image016.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1032" width="254" /><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Daun Keladi<span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span>Pipet Tetes<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1035" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;
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z-index:251662336'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\04\clip_image017.jpg"
o:title="DSC00458"/> <w:wrap type="square"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img align="left" height="191" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/04/clip_image018.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1035" width="258" /><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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z-index:251661312'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\04\clip_image019.jpg"
o:title="DSC00455"/> <w:wrap type="square"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><img align="left" height="191" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/04/clip_image020.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1034" width="255" /><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Rangkaian Percobaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Rangkai</span>Debora Elluisahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00940664228647186513noreply@blogger.com0